AI-free transfer

Human-centered GenAI feedback design in higher education: a multisite experiment on direct, reflective, and hybrid approaches to scientific argumentation

Huseyin Ates

International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education

A cluster-randomized field experiment with 1,176 first-year science students found that direct GenAI feedback improved immediate arguments, while reflective and hybrid designs produced stronger uptake, self-regulation and delayed AI-free transfer.