student activation

GPT-4 feedback increases student activation and learning outcomes in higher education

Stephan Geschwind, Johann Graf Lambsdorff, Deborah Voss, Veronika Hackl

International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education

A 2026 IJAIED field experiment finds that individualized GPT-4 feedback sustained voluntary participation and improved the content of students' open-ended macroeconomics answers more than lecturer-only or peer-feedback conditions.