object-oriented programming

Five AI systems outscored the average OOP cohort but still failed compilation and advanced concepts

Marina Lepp, Joosep Kaimre

arXiv preprint

Lepp and Kaimre evaluated ChatGPT-5.2, DeepSeek-V3, Gemini 2.5 Flash, Claude Sonnet 4.5, and Microsoft 365 Copilot on authentic introductory OOP tests and examinations using student grading criteria. Systems exceeded the historical average and often solved long tasks, yet some code did not compile and interfaces, abstract classes, inheritance, and image-based questions remained difficult. The results challenge take-home assessment validity without proving student learning.