network meta-analysis

Impact of artificial intelligence tools on learning motivation in English instruction: A network meta-analysis

Liwei Hsu, Yu-Chun Wang

Asian-Pacific Journal of Second and Foreign Language Education

A 2026 network meta-analysis of 16 studies and 1,923 learners found medium-to-large motivational effects for AI-supported English instruction, but the ranking of language apps, chatbots and writing assistants rests entirely on indirect comparisons.